After the first full citation, use id., short case names, and supra correctly.
01
Id. means "the same source as just before"
Use "Id." when you cite the same source as the citation immediately before it. Add "at" and a page when the page changes: "Id. at 27." If the page is the same, "Id." alone is enough.
Italicize "Id." including its period. Capitalize it at the start of a citation sentence. Use lowercase after a signal or inside a sentence: "See id. at 24."
Do not use id. if the previous citation named more than one source, or if another source was cited in between.
First citation
Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21 (1968).
Same page
Id.
New page
Id. at 27.
02
Short case citations
When id. is not available, use a short form: the first party's name, the volume, the reporter, "at", and the page: Terry, 392 U.S. at 30.
If the first party is a government or a common litigant, such as the United States or a state, use the other party's name: Lopez, 514 U.S. at 552.
Short form
Mapp, 367 U.S. at 655.
03
Statutes and supra
After citing a statute in full, you can write "§ 1985" or "Id. § 1985." when the preceding citation was to the same code.
"Supra" refers back to a secondary source, such as a book or article, cited earlier. In law review footnotes, include the note number: Warren & Brandeis, supra note 4, at 196. Never use supra for cases, statutes, constitutions, or regulations.
Practice level 4
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